Africa on the Mississippi

Gens de Couleur Libre, or Free People of Color, lived in the Treme, the oldest African-American neighborhood still in existence

Code Noir

Congo Square, Circa 1900

Treme Brass Band

The French rulers of colonial Louisiana adopted in 1724 the Code Noir (Black Code) which formally restricted the rights of the slaves forcibly brought over from Africa. But blacks in New Orleans overall enjoyed more freedoms than their counterparts elsewhere in the New World, even after Louisiana moved to Spanish control in 1763 and then to American control forty years later. So instead of being stamped out, aspects of African culture persisted in New Orleans and were eventually absorbed into the city’s overall culture.

A vital place for this development was Congo Square, a formerly grassy area that is now part of Armstrong Park on the edge of the French Quarter. Especially on Sundays, hundreds of blacks congregated to play music, dance, and socialize. Because New Orleans slaves tended to come from culturally similar regions in western Africa, they formed new variations of common traditions and bonded with those who could speak in their native tongues. The city’s annual Mardi Gras also temporarily eased the restraints of slavery and gave blacks license to assert their heritage.

Until Irish and Italian immigration tipped the racial scales to a majority white population for about 100 years, New Orleans had been overwhelmingly a black city. The population included black Creoles descended from unions of Africans with the French and Spanish. These Creoles often were gens de couleur libres (free people of color) who lived in the Treme, the oldest African-American neighborhood still in existence. Some slaves also were allowed to earn their freedom, and other gens de couleur libres came to New Orleans from present-day Haiti, fleeing a slave revolt there and bringing voodoo and other traditions with them.

Of all the African-American contributions to New Orleans culture, music is the star that shines exceedingly bright. Most famously, the Crescent City is the birthplace of jazz, the American musical idiom whose dawn at the turn of the twentieth century can be traced back to those Sundays at Congo Square. But New Orleans African-American musicians have been leaders in everything from hip hop to funk, from gospel to a distinctive style of rhythm & blues that has exerted a huge influence on rock ’n’ roll. New Orleans remains famous for its still vibrant music scene rooted in its musical legacy, a legacy that is African-American at its core.

Many of New Orleans’ beloved Mardi Gras traditions are African-American, most prominently the Mardi Gras Indians and the Zulu parade that rolls behind Rex on Mardi Gras Day. The Krewe of Zulu grew out of social aid and pleasure clubs, and its traditions ridicule white Mardi Gras krewes’ self-importance as well as white stereotypes of African-Americans, with the riders dressed in blackface and grass skirts while handing out spears and coconuts.

New Orleans is home to two historically black colleges, Dillard University and Xavier University which is the only African-American Catholic university in the country.

Points of Interest

• Backstreet Cultural Museum
• Amistad Research Center
• African American Museum
• Congo Square